PM2.5 in Thailand Explained | The role of pre-harvest sugarcane burning in air pollution
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Every year over the months of January, February and March, #PM2.5 air pollution chokes #Thailand and southeast Asia. This video will examine the science, causes, and solutions to PM2.5 in Thailand. I’ll answer the questions of: What is PM2.5 and how do we measure it? Why is PM2.5 bad for our health? What’s the cause of PM2.5 in Thailand and what can we do about it?
PM2.5 can be categorized as either primary or secondary, depending on their source and how they form. Major sources of primary aerosols include vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, as well as dust from construction sites, unpaved roads, or even desert winds. Secondary aerosols, are formed as a result of chemical processes. Volatile chemicals, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, interact with things like hydroxyl radicals and sunlight, which leads to the creation of tiny particles. These sulfur and nitrogen oxides are pollutants emitted from automobiles, power plants, and industries.
The units for PM2.5 micrograms per cubic meter. PM2.5 can be monitored remotely using satellites or measured on the ground using air quality monitoring stations. PM2.5 concentrations can also be converted to an Air Quality Index, or AQI.
The main source of PM2.5 in Thailand is biomass burning. Multiple studies have demonstrated this. Thailand is the fourth-largest produced or sugar in the world and second-largest exporter of sugar. However, high labor costs during harvesting makes sugarcane farming unprofitable for many farmers. In order to minimize labor costs, preharvest sugarcane burning is used to make harvesting easier. This practice of preharvest #sugarcane #burning is a major contributor to PM2.5 levels in Thailand.
0:00 Introduction
1:20 What is PM2.5?
1:47 What is PM2.5 made of?
3:34 Sources of PM2.5
4:56 Why is PM2.5 bad for our health?
5:50 How do we measure PM2.5?
9:10 Why is PM2.5 so bad in Thailand?
11:27 Why is sugarcane burned?
13:07 What can we do to improve PM2.5 in Thailand?
***Sources:
Secondary Particulate Matter in the United States: Insights from the Particulate Matter Supersites Program and Related Studies | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.234
Evolution of PM2.5 Measurements and Standards in the U.S. and Future Perspectives for China | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.11.0302
Characterization of PM2.5 Major Components and Source Investigation in Suburban Hong Kong: A One Year Monitoring Study | https://aaqr.org/articles/aaqr-13-01-oa-0020.pdf
Association between PM2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis | https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8262-3
Epidemiological time series studies of PM2.5 and daily mortality and hospital admissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis | https://thorax.bmj.com/content/69/7/660
The Impact of PM2.5 on the Host Defense of Respiratory System | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00091/full
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930752-2
Revised Air Quality Standards For Particle Pollution And Updates To The Air Quality Index (AQI) | https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-04/documents/2012_aqi_factsheet.pdf
A Beginner's Guide to Air Quality Instant-Cast and Now-Cast | https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/
Research project on “A Study in Urban Air Pollution Improvement in Asia” | https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/publication/booksandreports/l75nbg00000kjwkk-att/Final_report.pdf
Identifying the Sources of Winter Air Pollution in Bangkok Part II | https://towardsdatascience.com/identifying-the-sources-of-winter-air-pollution-in-bangkok-part-ii-72539f9b767a
Estimation of Reduced Air Emissions as a Result of the Implementation of the Measure to Reduce Burned Sugarcane in Thailand | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/366
Burning dilemma: Sugarcane farmers struggle in Thailand’s green vision | https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-sugarcane-burning/
Bungling govt is losing the PM2.5 war | https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1841569/bungling-govt-is-losing-the-pm2-5-war
New sugar policy has a bitter taste | https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1083880/new-sugar-policy-has-a-bitter-taste
Sweetness & Power (13) – With air pollution invisible in Isaan, millions will be breathing unhealthy air | https://isaanrecord.com/2019/09/23/sweetness-and-power-part-13/
Sweetness & Power (7) – Thailand dreams of a sugary future as farmers struggle to survive | https://isaanrecord.com/2019/09/13/sweetness-and-power-part-7/
PM2.5 can be categorized as either primary or secondary, depending on their source and how they form. Major sources of primary aerosols include vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, as well as dust from construction sites, unpaved roads, or even desert winds. Secondary aerosols, are formed as a result of chemical processes. Volatile chemicals, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, interact with things like hydroxyl radicals and sunlight, which leads to the creation of tiny particles. These sulfur and nitrogen oxides are pollutants emitted from automobiles, power plants, and industries.
The units for PM2.5 micrograms per cubic meter. PM2.5 can be monitored remotely using satellites or measured on the ground using air quality monitoring stations. PM2.5 concentrations can also be converted to an Air Quality Index, or AQI.
The main source of PM2.5 in Thailand is biomass burning. Multiple studies have demonstrated this. Thailand is the fourth-largest produced or sugar in the world and second-largest exporter of sugar. However, high labor costs during harvesting makes sugarcane farming unprofitable for many farmers. In order to minimize labor costs, preharvest sugarcane burning is used to make harvesting easier. This practice of preharvest #sugarcane #burning is a major contributor to PM2.5 levels in Thailand.
0:00 Introduction
1:20 What is PM2.5?
1:47 What is PM2.5 made of?
3:34 Sources of PM2.5
4:56 Why is PM2.5 bad for our health?
5:50 How do we measure PM2.5?
9:10 Why is PM2.5 so bad in Thailand?
11:27 Why is sugarcane burned?
13:07 What can we do to improve PM2.5 in Thailand?
***Sources:
Secondary Particulate Matter in the United States: Insights from the Particulate Matter Supersites Program and Related Studies | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.234
Evolution of PM2.5 Measurements and Standards in the U.S. and Future Perspectives for China | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.11.0302
Characterization of PM2.5 Major Components and Source Investigation in Suburban Hong Kong: A One Year Monitoring Study | https://aaqr.org/articles/aaqr-13-01-oa-0020.pdf
Association between PM2.5 and risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis | https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8262-3
Epidemiological time series studies of PM2.5 and daily mortality and hospital admissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis | https://thorax.bmj.com/content/69/7/660
The Impact of PM2.5 on the Host Defense of Respiratory System | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00091/full
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930752-2
Revised Air Quality Standards For Particle Pollution And Updates To The Air Quality Index (AQI) | https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-04/documents/2012_aqi_factsheet.pdf
A Beginner's Guide to Air Quality Instant-Cast and Now-Cast | https://aqicn.org/faq/2015-03-15/air-quality-nowcast-a-beginners-guide/
Research project on “A Study in Urban Air Pollution Improvement in Asia” | https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/publication/booksandreports/l75nbg00000kjwkk-att/Final_report.pdf
Identifying the Sources of Winter Air Pollution in Bangkok Part II | https://towardsdatascience.com/identifying-the-sources-of-winter-air-pollution-in-bangkok-part-ii-72539f9b767a
Estimation of Reduced Air Emissions as a Result of the Implementation of the Measure to Reduce Burned Sugarcane in Thailand | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/366
Burning dilemma: Sugarcane farmers struggle in Thailand’s green vision | https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-sugarcane-burning/
Bungling govt is losing the PM2.5 war | https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1841569/bungling-govt-is-losing-the-pm2-5-war
New sugar policy has a bitter taste | https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1083880/new-sugar-policy-has-a-bitter-taste
Sweetness & Power (13) – With air pollution invisible in Isaan, millions will be breathing unhealthy air | https://isaanrecord.com/2019/09/23/sweetness-and-power-part-13/
Sweetness & Power (7) – Thailand dreams of a sugary future as farmers struggle to survive | https://isaanrecord.com/2019/09/13/sweetness-and-power-part-7/
